The cause of infectious cystitis is the action of pathogenic microorganisms, which, as a result of their vital activity, cause an inflammatory process.Pathogens can come from outside or conditionally: they remain in a dormant phase in the genitourinary system and are activated under the influence of unfavorable factors and a decrease in immune defense.
This disease has gender characteristics: cystitis most often occurs in women aged 25-40 years due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the genitourinary system.However, cystitis can also appear at any age in adults and children.
It is difficult to ignore the symptoms of inflammation of the bladder mucosa: the first signs are usually pain in the lower abdomen, burning, itching, urge and frequent pain when urinating.An increase in temperature is also possible: cystitis can give signs of general inflammation.
The trigger factor in the development of this disease is usually hypothermia, and then a decrease in the body's defenses.Cystitis can also be provoked by changes in sexual activity and other causes of disruption of the normal vaginal microflora.
Cystitis in Women: Treatment
The difficulty of treatment is that cystitis is often not considered a serious disease, while its complications can interfere with the function of the genitourinary system.Prescribing antimicrobial drugs is the only type of treatment that directly affects the cause of inflammation.Self-medication in this case is unacceptable: there is a high risk of taking ineffective drugs and, as a result, the transition of acute inflammation into a chronic form with continuous improvement or sudden development of complications.It should be noted that complications of cystitis in women and men lead to pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, dysfunction of sphincters with uncontrolled urination.
Cystitis treatment should be comprehensive: Characteristics of the clinical picture, test results, medical history, and response to medications are taken into account.However, the basis of the treatment regimen for both women and men has always remained natural or synthetic antimicrobial drugs.
Antimicrobial drugs for cystitis
The effect of drugs in the fight against microorganisms is to prevent or terminate their vital functions.Depending on the nature of the pathogen, antibacterial, antifungal (antimycotic) and antiprotozoal drugs are prescribed.Viral origin of cystitis is rare.It is quickly complicated by the addition of bacterial infections, so in any disease, the disease requires a prescription of antibiotics.
A group of drugs that are effective in treating inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system are called "uroseptics".Antiseptics, synthetic antimicrobial agents and antibiotics from the uroseptic category are removed through the kidneys.This creates an effective therapeutic concentration of drugs at the site of inflammation during cystitis.
Classification of uroseptics
Highlights:
- Herbal medicine for the treatment of cystitis.
- Antibiotics of natural origin (penicillin, cephalosporins of the first and third generation, tetracyclines, glycopeptides).
- Synthetic drugs with antimicrobial activity (quinolone derivatives, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, 9-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, nitrofuran derivatives).
- Other antibiotics (trimethoprim), combinations of antimicrobial drugs.
- Antifungal medication.
Plant uroseptics
Centaury Herb + Lovage Root + Rosemary Leaves - This is a medicinal composition from the group of phytotherapeutic agents, which has proven its clinical effectiveness in practice.Universal medicine based on rosemary, centaury and lovage is available in two forms: alcohol solution with a dose and drop capsules.The combination of herbal components provides anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic effects.For pregnant women, it is better to use tablets.
Another popular herbal remedy for cystitis is a tablet containing:
- purified mumiyo powder,
- St. Flower Extract
- saxifrage stem extract,
- Madder stem extract,
- Membrane sati rhizome extract,
- Strawflower Seed Extract,
- Extract of aerial parts of onosma bracts,
- Vernonia Ashy whole plant extract,
- lemon silicate powder.
This medicine has antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic effects for cystitis.
Antibiotics
A group of naturally occurring antibiotics were widely used before the era of antibiotic resistance.With the great resistance of bacteria to antibacterial agents, there is a need to find new synthetic analogs of antibiotics with an expanded spectrum of activity and a low risk of developing resistance.
However, some cases of cystitis require the prescription of drugs from the group of antibacterial agents of natural origin.Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation are used, which are effective against the most common cystitis pathogens.It is very important to prescribe drugs with various antimicrobial activities in the stage until the true name of the microbial agent - the causative agent of bladder inflammation - has been identified.
Penicillin
Penicillin derivatives inhibit the enzymatic system, which serves as the basis for the formation of cell walls.The drug has a bactericidal effect.To increase effectiveness, penicillin drugs are combined with clavulanic acid.It inhibits the beta-lactamase system, thereby promoting the destruction of the cell wall of microorganisms.In urology, semi-synthetic representatives of the group "protected" by clavulanic acid are used.They may be prescribed for pregnant women if the risk of infection outweighs the risk of toxicity to the fetus.
Cephalosporins
This group is characterized by the prescription of drugs mainly in tablets, but in the form of injections, which ensures the rapid achievement of the effect.Antibiotics damage the cell walls of pathogens.Severe and complicated cases of cystitis are treated with cephalosporins in the form of intramuscular injections.Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone (III generation drugs with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity) are prescribed.Uncomplicated forms of cystitis in women and men can be treated without injections: third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic tablets - cefixime, ceftibuten - are prescribed.
Phosphonic acid derivatives
Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been shown to be effective against cystitis pathogens in clinical studies and in practice.The active ingredient in the tablet is fosfomycin trometamol.Its molecules inhibit the first stage of microbial cell wall formation.Due to the high concentration of the drug in the urine, which is maintained for 24-48 hours, the drug can be successfully used in the treatment of cystitis.
Important!When choosing an antibiotic, you need to focus on the concentration of active components in the urine.Then the bactericidal level of the antimicrobial substance in the urine is reached.It is also important that drugs for cystitis in women have little effect on the vaginal microflora, because this creates an additional risk for the development or recurrence of cystitis.
Antibiotic combinations are effective for cystitis (trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole) even against rare pathogenic microorganisms (S. saprophyticus).It is important to adhere to the regimen and duration of antibiotic therapy.The duration of treatment can be from 3 to 14 days or more, depending on the complexity and severity of the case.
Synthetic uroseptics
All synthetic agents that act on pathogenic microorganisms have good antimicrobial activity.However, for the treatment of cystitis, synthetic uroseptic representatives are most often used - drugs that provide the maximum concentration of active substances in the organs of the genitourinary system.
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are the latest generation of quinolones that inhibit microbial enzymes (DNA gyrase), providing a bactericidal effect in cystitis.The drug has a broad spectrum of action, which affects microbes even with significant resistance to other antibacterial agents.
High bioavailability, low possibility of side effects and good tolerance are the reasons for the frequent prescription of this group of antibiotics for cystitis.
Ciprofloxacin is the most popular uroseptic tablet in the fluoroquinolone group.Its clinical effects have been well studied.You can find the trade name of the active ingredient.
Norfloxacin and levofloxacin are also used to treat cystitis.
Nitrofuran derivatives
In urological practice, the drug "furagin" is widely used, an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.The level of the drug in urine is several times higher than the minimum bacteriostatic concentration for pathogenic microbes in the treatment of cystitis.
Nitrofurantoin is a well-known representative of the second group.The active ingredient is nitrofurantoin.It is quickly excreted in the urine, the action in the genitourinary system begins 2-4 hours after taking furadonin, and the proportion of unchanged drug in the urine is about 45%.This gives a good effect in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in men and women caused by aerobic gram-positive or gram-negative microflora.
Sulfonamides and their combinations
This group of synthetic antibiotics is the first of the chemical alternatives to natural antibiotics.For some time, representatives of the sulfonamide series remained in reserve due to the prescription of other drug groups.Therefore, now the causative agent of infectious cystitis is exposed to the action of sulfonamides, and the drugs have a good effect.
A combination of medications is also often prescribed.Thanks to this, a better effect in treatment can be achieved.A well-known representative of the group of combined drugs that includes sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
Sulfamethoxazole is similar in chemical structure to Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which allows the drug to be involved in the synthesis of important structural elements of microbial cells.Trimethoprim increases the effect of sulfamethoxazole by interfering with the production of folic acid.This disrupts the metabolism in bacterial cells and leads to their death.
This drug has a wide spectrum of action and also creates the necessary level of active components in the urine to fight infections of the genitourinary system.The course of treatment for uncomplicated cystitis is 6 days.It is important to adhere to the duration of antibiotic therapy for recovery and prevention of recurrent infections.
Antifungal (antimycotic) medication
The drug is prescribed if the fungal nature of cystitis is confirmed or to prevent fungal infection during treatment with antibiotics.Candidiasis is one of the common complications of antibacterial therapy.To prevent it or successfully treat it, you need to prescribe antimycotics.
For cystitis, drugs such as fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole are used.
Features of the selection and use of uroseptic
Patients should remember that the medicine should be taken strictly as prescribed by the doctor: You cannot stop the treatment or change the medicines yourself.In addition, to avoid the resistance of microorganisms to the drug, uroseptics must be changed as prescribed by the doctor during long-term treatment.
Microbial resistance in cystitis develops slowly to drugs from the ampicillin group, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol and furagin.The rapid development of resistance to tetracyclines, streptomycin and cephalosporins has led to the fact that representatives of this series are practically not used for the treatment of cystitis in modern clinical practice.
Doctors often prescribe combination drugs or several drugs at the same time.The combination of furagin with chloramphenicol or sulfonamides, as well as the combination of sulfanilamide with chloramphenicol, expands the spectrum of action of constitutive drugs for cystitis and increases the effectiveness of therapy.
Safe and effective herbal uroseptics are combined with all known chemicals.They can be used for the development of cystitis in women during pregnancy.
A doctor, urologist or nephrologist is often faced with the task of choosing the optimal uroseptic for the treatment of a specific case of cystitis.Doctors need to determine the localization of the infectious process, and, if possible, find the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to known uroseptics.Also during the examination, it is important to establish the inflammatory phase and make sure there are no complications from the kidneys.When diagnosing inflammation of the bladder in women, the doctor needs to make sure that there is no pregnancy, because the drugs can be toxic to the unborn child.
Only after the specialist receives answers to all questions, he can choose an effective and safe drug - injections or tablets.Self-prescription of drugs with uroseptic activity for cystitis can cause unwanted complications, weak effects and the development of resistance in microorganisms.